Dr. David E. Martin
Executive Chairman, M•CAM
Batten Fellow, Darden Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Virginia
Abstract
Examination of the artifacts of value exchange involves a journey inextricably linked to social, religious, and cultural myth. Imagination or invocation of alternative futures invites us to consider the archetypes built upon projections of our communal myth and hold the same in agnostic, polychromatic light. Our ability to manifest new utilitarian metaphors for recognition of value exchange will be log proportional to our willingness to reconsider the dogma woven into our discourse. In this exploration, I stand on the shoulders of Gregory Bateson’s invitation to see linguistic expression not as noumenon or phenomenon but rather as a metaphoric approximation of essence in which the impulse to denominate is subordinated to a receptivity to illuminate. The Common Wealth will manifest as much at a dinner with friends and strangers as in a ledger of accounts. Inseparable from the Currency of the Commons will be an unfettered visibility into all implicit costs and consensus benefits.
It is ideas, not vested interests, which are dangerous for good or evil
- John Maynard Keynes, 1936
We begin our exploration of the Currency of the Commons in one of the most generous examples I’ve experienced. Ironically, in the same land which has been ravaged by the unchecked greed of gold prospectors who consider the blood offerings of the oppressed inconsequential to satiate our lust for gold, one can sit around the elders’ fires and learn how Commons Currency has worked for millennia. I summarized my first experience with this knowledge in an essay excerpted below.
Hermetic Volcano: Ancient Futures of Wealth : A Consideration for the Future of Humanity
En route from and to Port Moresby to and from Rabaul, Papua New Guinea; July 27 and 31, 2008
Dualism, polarity, conservation of finitude, and metric-centricity have been the cognitive companion of Western and Mediterranean philosophers, scientists, and cognoscenti for over two millennia. Fueled by traditions and inspirations from Hermes Trismegistus in Egypt, to Pythagoras, to Aristotle, to St. Bonaventure, to Descartes, to Galileo, to Kepler, to Newton, to Kant, the liturgy of human reasoning has found itself in a constant struggle surrounding the Principles of Correspondence, Polarity, Causality, and Gender . In our present Newtonian framed obsession with objectivity (marketed under the laudatory and self-congratulatory term “science”), our minds have become enslaved to the notion that reality is a blend of the noumenon and phenomenon in an omnipresent, harmonic. Spurred on by the Adamic imperative to “name” or “denominate” – more contemporarily rationalized by Kant’s epistemology and Bateson’s Ecology of the Mind – and Descartes’ reductionistic rationalism, even our lucent minds fall prey to the temptation of believing that, to achieve transformative cognitive evolution for the transformation of human essence, our understanding of ancient wisdom requires a Hermetic dualism. Modern purveyors of quasi-Eastern metascience and metaphysics attempt to rationalize the yin and yang principles and the I-Ching into linguistic metaphors that rob them of their inherent beauty and complexity.
If we know we know (gnosis) than we can control, and with that control, we tell ourselves, comes power over – power over others, power over our destiny, power over that which must be changed to conform to our illumined projection of “should”. That which we don’t yet understand will be forced into an experimental model which we will design in our ignorance to measure that which we don’t yet know to confirm or contradict a hypothesis framed from reducing our capacity accept that which is unknown. Following our Adamic psychosis to name, without regard to what the aardvark really wanted to be called, we are deluded to believe that linguistic encoding is a moral imperative rather than seeing it as the means by which we restrict ourselves to communicating with a finite tribe in compressed dimensional code. Our lucency, in autoerotic ecstasy, celebrates past Renaissance and calls out for new Renaissance all the while denying the ever present completeness of Cognogentive Fusion through which all that exists is both knowable and known.
I sat around an ever-expanding circular breakfast table in Port Moresby this morning looking out over the wind swept heliorefractive Coral Sea with the most engaging set of companions. There were friends and colleagues sitting over coffee, eggs, and toast speaking about the epistemology of value. In our conversation, we were exploring the latent sequelae of ethnographers who, in the first half of the twentieth century, etched an image of Papua New Guinea and its people in the minds of the north and west. My inquiry was focused on elucidating the notion of “value” in the collective social framework prior to the projections of money, currency and development which followed in the wake of Western intervention. Specifically, I was interested in learning more about “shell money” and “bride price” – two ethnographically contrived terms that, I will propose, most egregiously damaged both the local self perception in context to outside influences as well as corrupted the appreciation of a complex social structure from which we could learn considerable improvements to our current mercenary imperatives.
Before outside influences infected the islands, “shell money” was called “taboo”. Depending on the location of the community, the type of shell selected to represent taboo was based on a complex understanding of the life that the shell represented. Among the Baining and the Komgi in what is now East New Britain, the shell chosen to be strung along rattan fibers was a small white shell about the size of a human tooth. This shell represented the perpetually effusive fertility of the sea – a symbol of the feminine mystery of the giving of life. With the top spiral of the shell removed, these small shells were strung onto fibers which typically measured the length of the stringer’s fully outstretched arm from finger tip to sternum. Ironically, and supporting the notion that taboo was not viewed as an absolute currency, the taboo was not adjusted against a “normative” arm length. If you had a shorter arm, the taboo had equal value despite the obviousness that there were fewer shells.
The taboo represented several important social constructs. First, it represented effort and industry – explicitly the sweat of the brow. When one had achieved great productivity of effort, the honor of taboo served as a physical memorial. Second, it represented honor. At Custom, visitors to the community would offer pieces of taboo, breaking off section by section and bestowing it on hosts based on the honor status of a person in the community. Both the generosity of the giver (as evidenced by the quantity of taboo offered) and the recognized honor of the recipient (evidenced by the quantity of the gift) were explicit symbols reinforcing the social value of leadership, wisdom, and rank. On finer examination, a profound subtly emerges. One’s taboo offering was not necessarily empirically assessed on quantity. Rather, the proportionality of the division of gifts provided recognition of the social values, not the absolute magnitude of shells. Third, taboo served as a means of sealing agreements between families and communities. Here, we can explore the second construct of the mistakenly identified “bride price”.
When a baby boy and baby girl were born, it was not uncommon for parents to begin the process of arranging, should the children reach adulthood, the ultimate marriage of the two. As the years through puberty passed, the families and even the broader community would begin assessing the consequence of such a consummated union. Given that land and its use was passed through matrilineal processes, the productivity of the land that would be entrusted to the girl would be considered as a component of the feminine homage that would be recognized at the marriage. Ultimately, the families would agree on the taboo – the forward option representation of future industry and productivity – associated with the granting of access to fertile ground and this would establish the feminine homage taboo. At the marriage, the families would give and receive lavish gifts of food – taro, pigs, coconuts, fish, bananas (and obviously more than a few betlenuts) – and the entire extended family of the man’s family would contribute taboo to offer as the gift to the bride. The bride’s family gift of food and provisions would, in some respect, evidence the bounty of the land that would now be serving the next generation as the bride’s familial land would, in all likelihood, be the future home of her children or their cousins while she would live with her husband. Rather than a dowry, the mutual exchange was reinforcing the sacredness of fertility and an escrow, of sorts, on future productivity of both family and land. Unfortunately, entranced by the artifact of shells on rattan (called “shell money”), this intimate communal confirmation of common values of fruitfulness was viewed by outsiders as a commodity transaction.
More profound still, is the recognition that taboo was not a redeemable, horded currency. To the contrary, while one received it at certain festivals, Custom, weddings, and funerals, one was also obliged to give in proportion to what one possessed. In short, to him who had been given much, much was obliged. In fact, taboo, rather than being a measure of horded wealth, was in fact a measure of honor and generosity. In small fragments, strands of taboo could be used to buy a chicken or a pig in commerce, however, the complete taboo serves as a deeper symbol of mutually held beliefs of honor, dignity, feminine fertility, and life. Taboo was and is not a currency contract in a dualistic representation of a monetary exchange. Rather it is an infinitely dimensional reminder of the fruitfulness that comes in holistic communal values.
What would happen if we invited ourselves back to a place where the past, present and future could walk on water, call sharks to play, carry the breath of ancestors in woven blankets, and walk with the forest spirits on burning logs? What would happen if we understood that the veins of rich minerals which link the energy of the sea to the mysterious productive land on the top of the mountain actually were there to sustain life, not minerals to extract, melt, hammer, and gild our pagan consumption? What if we were known, not for what we give in the name of Aid, but by our ability to insure that for everything we give, we humbly receive, with honor and dignity, an equal portion back?
I believe that we need to re-discover and be taught taboo all over again. Ironically, even that word has been corrupted by our neo-pagan christian dualism of good and evil. Taboo is the explicit, often unspoken, understanding of that which is pure, that which edifies, that which destroys, that which celebrates, and that which denigrates. It is the recognition that physical manifestations of wealth are only known in their exchange – not in their hording. It is the recognition that the creative fertility of the feminine, with all of its complexity and elegance, is what holds highest honor because, volcano, plant, or womb, the breath of life is the sacred stewardship which is that to which and from which all other things flow.
Our epistemology of economy finds its roots in ignominious inhumanities. Our modern notions of currency, market exchange, and central banking are indistinguishable to the Judeo-Christian story of Joseph in the land of Egypt when, during a great famine, Joseph and Pharaoh created the first documented commodity exchange in which currency, commodities, property rights, and futures markets were created . While frequently overlooked, this financial innovation derived from desperation and famine serve as the archetypal inspiration for even the most sophisticated market transactions today. Managed scarcity – the basis for historical and modern economic models and practice – saw humans and land as commodities for exploitation by the few for the benefit of the few. While Niall Ferguson celebrates modern financial innovation alleging it to be a crowning achievement of the modern establishment, a careful review of the Egyptian famine account contains every element of the risk-hedged arbitrage market behavior that was both celebrated and vilified in 1929 and 2007 (Aetna in the turn of the 20th century, AIG in the turn of the 21st century and J.P. Morgan, Chase, Citibank, Bank of New York, etc. and their predecessors in both).
The very word economy (derived from the Greek term describing the management of a household and first used in its current expression in France during the 15th and 16th century) emerges during a period of revolt against papal and sovereign taxation excesses in which the “house” doing the managing was the Church and the Crown. In the records of an Estates General gathering in 1484 in France, it was stated that, “Money is in the body politic what blood is in the human body: it is then necessary to examine what bleedings and purgings France has undergone.” Hale and Mallett summarize that, “the two major bleedings were papal taxation and the purchase of luxury goods from abroad. The effects of the first could be countered by political action, the second by ‘drawing gold and silver into the country.’”
The story of money as a reductionist expression of denominating value is inextricably a story of taxation – originally required to support religion and war. It may be worth noting that little has changed in at least four millennia of human history as, to this day, our fear of considering alternative, more orthogonal and humane value metrics, may have, at its core, profound angst that to question monetary and economic precepts is to menace a divine right. Five hundred years after Louis XI and Henry VII substituted luxury consumerism and terrestrial conquest for the hegemonic role of the Church’s control of wealth (set in full preeminence by Innocent III in 1199 in his financing encyclical for the Fourth Crusade), to suggest that society can operate without a single, scarce artifact of monetary exchange managed by a sovereign is still heresy. Therefore, as we consider a Commons “Currency”, we are invited to consider not only the laudatory energetics of a more human value exchange but we, at the same time, bear an obligation to consider the transition between the incumbent now and the future to which we strive. This position is seldom taken when we speak in sweeping idealisms however one of the enemies transformation comes in the form of a failure to invite the current actors into the future.
The Commons Currency hinges on a transformation from extractive finitude and scarcity management (thermodynamics) to stewardship plentitude and fruitful engagement (cognogentive fusion). To highlight this shift, it is helpful to consider the ancient future wisdom embedded in our current myths. To that end, I have selected, in one pole, John Maynard Keynes’ The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936) which highlights the catechism that has defined and enslaved modern economic thought. Tragically, Keynes himself concludes his posthumously misapplied (though frequently invoked) treatise stating that:
“Our criticism of the accepted classical theory of economics has consisted not so much in finding logical flaws in its analysis as in pointing out that its tacit assumptions are seldom or never satisfied, with the result that it cannot solve the economic problems of the actual world”
And, while I will not reflect on the adequacy of his insights in 1936, I will make a few doctrinal observations from the Scarcity Sect which, like the indicted “classical theory” beg careful scrutiny.
First, Keynes, in his own hand, and in the current U.S. administration’s incompetent application of his tenets, builds his entire thesis on the fact that “consumption – to repeat the obvious – is the sole end and object of all economic activity.” The “propensity to consume” together with the centrality of malleable monetary friction are corollaries to every argument in his model. The natural sequelae of this foundational postulation include:
1. Labour (a euphemism for all those engaged in productive endeavors) are a commodity and are Pavlovian actors who are coerced and manipulated by fickle money-wages and interest ;
2. Natural resources supporting extraction (gold, silver, metals, oil, etc.) are free for the taking, exist for the purpose of consumption alone, and are essentially baseless in value at extraction thereby rendering them “free” for exploitation; and,
3. That entrepreneurial psychology will persist in seeking to maximize monetary profits as sine qua non giving no consideration for value metrics apart from those defined in monetary terms.
Superimpose on an understanding of Keynes’ writing the fact that one of his inspirations was Sir Isaac Newton (as evidenced in his private collection of Newton’s personal papers) and one can easily see how impersonal Euclidean reductionism was a desirable utility to build the General Theory arguments. And without irony, the University of Chicago-inspired condescension of Keynes in favor of Free Market excesses and unbridled hubris, while riding the wave of the bubbles and bursts from the Nixon-era forward to the evidencing of our present unpleasantries in 2007, equally fail both in their critique of, or effort to validate or repudiate, these inhumane assumptions.
Economists from Smith to Keynes to Friedman have been felled by the most improbable, identical stroke – the digital age. While I’m far from nostalgic about the brave new world where we’ll digitally manifest crowd sourced unity for all human needs, I am struck by the subtle coup of the digitally-empowered commons to change all the rules.
Fundamentally, the Currency of the Commons – an infinitely orthogonal value surrogate – changes all the rules. First, value can be entirely uncorrelated from consumption. In point of fact, reward and benefit can be linked to the capacity to produce. Observe in our economic transition, for example, the fact that ad revenue (not the enterprises placing advertisements) forms the basis for the intoxicating equities like Google, Amazon, eBay, and others. In a world where consumption is the raison d’être for all enterprise, we now deify the surrogates of conveyance of things, not the things. Further, by acclaim, virtual communities are now preferred venues for social interaction where electron infinitude replaces the extractive industrial complex reliance on scarcity management. And in a world where Moore’s Law has obsoleted itself, the notion of monetary surrogate depreciation-based metrics of value have become the laughingstock of irrelevance.
The emergence of the great fusion reactor that will energize and animate the next iteration of value exchange and trade will be predicated on the removal of knowledge asymmetries in recognition of the value in transparency and homage to humanity. All economic endeavors since the Fourth Crusade have been inextricably ensnared with cabals of information asymmetry. Those with the gold, make the rules and enforce the same for their hording benefit. This fulcrum control around which financial leverage has been wielded enters into auto-obliteration with the persistence of network information exchange.
The foundation of the Commons Currency renders visible the all-in costs of every trade and trade surrogate. For example, rather than the indulgence-inspired transubstantiation of environmental carnage for carbon trade credits, the Commons informs the counterparty procurer of the environmental, social, cultural, and energy components of every exchanged unit. The blood of the tin miner is seen on the box of the iPod. The cyanide-laced stream graces the cover of the gold-mining company’s annual report in London, New York, and Toronto. Similarly, the pasture, filled with llama on the terraces in the Sacred Valley in Peru, is shown with the women’s cooperative members weaving and dying cloth on the tags of designer dresses. The organic packaging from renewable grasses encases the produce from the Pacific. Transformation comes, not from violent eradication of the sirens of “efficiency” of old but rather from an Orphean sweeter song where the consumer now chooses to “value” values. In our Peace Trade initiatives, we are already seeing local enterprise flourish where this simple information utility is brought to bear.
Artifacts of the Bretton Woods hegemonic past – like the IMF, World Bank, WTO and the like – likewise are invited to transform or extinguish. A Commons Currency does not create wealth inequalities which require the self-congratulatory charity provided out of ill-gotten excess. Rather, it seeks to engage all actors in a participatory forward call option. Each person – not the euphemistic laborer – is educated – not trained – to originate or recycle innovation and industry in situ. Development and wealth redistribution is freed from the monetary resource “feasibility” hurdles and instead, the Gross Innovative Output (or GIO) is both means and metric. GIO can be scaled from the micro to the macro and can engage in Commons means-testing throughout the scale. The Commons does not lend itself to the lottery winning fervor of the past decades where the heroes are made in punctuated equilibrium while the masses are apprehended with the opiate of admiration. Neither wealthy person nor corporation nor country gains its power by manipulating scarcity. Rather, like the Komgi in our opening observation, wealth is seen as those who reduce barriers to GIO manifestation regardless of nominal artifacts.
Finally, Commons Currency is not hijacked as a surrogate for debt and taxation – rather it is a call-option for fruitful productivity. Wage labor – the bane of our employment-consumption addiction – becomes supplanted by “taboo” based on GIO engagement. The option to consume and the option to contribute are seen as equally valued and appropriately transient. The artist who wishes to share her work can be compensated in access and venue every bit as much as our current impulse to place a monetary unit value on the creation. The laborer who wishes to contribute innovation is rewarded by seeing that innovation adopted (with or without financial gain).
When John Maynard Keynes looked into the future, he actually almost saw what I’ve just described. In his conclusion, he writes,
“I see, therefore, the rentier aspect of capitalism as a transitional phase which will disappear when it has done its work. And with the disappearance of its rentier aspect much else in it besides will suffer a sea-change. It will be, moreover, a great advantage of the order of events which I am advocating, that the euthanasia of the rentier, of the functionless investor, will be nothing sudden, merely a gradual but prolonged continuance of what we have seen.”
He goes on to see the day above as the day when the volume of capital increases so as to eliminate scarcity and that the executive skill of the entrepreneur will, “be harnessed to the service of the community on reasonable terms of reward.”
In East New Britain, Papua New Guinea, we are seeing the birth of the first country founded on the embrace of the Currency of the Commons. In this ancient land where humanity has engaged in enterprise for millennia, the ancient future is re-emerging. We can observe, engage, and respectfully learn the lessons from people who have cost the earth so little and rewarded us with so much. For in their lives and wisdom, we will find our Common Wealth.
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