After years of manipulation, slight-of-hand, and
misinformation, RioTinto (ASX: RIO) concluded a $4.4 billion project financing
package with Export Development Canada, the European Bank for Reconstruction
and Development, the International Finance Corporation, the Export-Import Bank
of the United States, the Export Finance and Insurance Corporation of
Australia, BNP Paribas, ANZ, ING, SocGen, SumitomoMitsui, Standard Chartered
Bank, Natixis, HSBC, The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, KfW IPEX-Bank, and
Nederlandse Financierings-Maatschappij voor Ontwikkelingslanden for the reinvigoration
of the Oyu Tolgoi underground copper mine in Mongolia. In other words, if you have pension or mutual
fund investments (many of which are investors in RIO) or if you live in most of
the world, you’re now part of the long and sad legacy and future of the Khan’s
Turquoise Hill. Congratulations. This deal was signed just before Christmas
and most of us were too busy with our last minute electronic gadget shopping to
pick up on this little gem.
According to RIO CEO Jean-Sebastien Jacques, “This kind of
mining development partnership model sets the industry benchmark for future
schemes and underscores Rio Tinto’s commitment to responsible and prudent
growth. Long-term copper fundamentals remain strong and Oyu Tolgoi as a tier
one asset will be a globally important source of supply as the market moves
back into structural deficit over the next few years.”
After spending about $6.4 billion so far and in another few
years with between $4-6 billion more invested, RIO will be able to extract
Mongolia’s mineral wealth through an elaborate and sinister financing scheme
that may enrich them and their investors while leaving Mongolia with precious
little more than a hole in the ground and sovereign debt. When RIO talks about a “mining development
partnership”, this is code for leveraging a nascent democratic government and
an ill-informed population for the purposes of extracting financial – not
mineral – returns. If it’s a
“responsible and prudent” plan to supply the world with copper that they want,
why is it that this same RIO, after years of environmental and social
degradation in Panguna, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea is trying to pawn off
its majority ownership of Bougainville Copper Limited to the already grossly
over-leveraged PNG national government (or any other buyer) that can distance
it from its violent past and present environmental negligence liabilities? After the mine-induced civil war that cost an
estimated 20,000 lives, this long-term Pacific island copper asset to support
the global copper market is unattractive, in part, because the citizens of the
Autonomous Region of Bougainville “democratically” approved a Mining Act
(heavily influenced by RIO and Australian advisors) that did not give
the mining license away. This same asset
was given
to Bougainville Copper Limited by the Australian government and the United Nations
and is 54% owned by RIO today. The
copper’s easier to access geologically but for that nasty little colonial
detail of corporate-induced genocide.
RIO, like many other companies in many other industries,
continues to deploy a business model that identifies a confirmed asset reserve,
creates an elaborate corporate structure that puts itself in the driver’s seat
with respect to securing control of financing and revenue associated with the
speculative phase of mining (in many cases “offering” debt financing to a
government so that it can participate in the illiquid equity of an operating
shell corporation in country) and then makes money on the spread between its
own cost of capital and the rate charged to the country for “participation” in
their own asset. Long before the first
concentrate is shipped away from the mine, RIO has already rung up another
enormous “asset” in the indebtedness of the unsuspecting country. By the way, this is part of the reason why
its “prudent” investment needs to pay the Multilateral Investment Guarantee
Agency (MIGA) political risk insurance.
After all, the financiers are cunning enough to know that opaque
operating agreements, illiquid shell corporation “participation” in mining
development, and environmental abuse sometimes result in citizens getting
seriously upset and toppling regimes that gave away the wealth of a land and
its people.
If the world needs copper, why is it that an underground
development project in Mongolia is “prudent” while and open-pit proven reserve
is not feasible? Copper concentrate
would flow much more rapidly from Panguna than from Turquoise Hill for the same
amount of money! Why did so many
commercial banks put up $2.34 billion for the BNP Paribas funded debt facility
and why did the European and American “development” banks put up so much public
money when minerals (like so many other commodities) are trading so poorly in
the global market? And why, in their
December 15, 2015 press release announcing the financing, did RIO make the
point of stating that “Oyu Tolgoi has a workforce that is 95% Mongolian and Oyu
Tolgoi LLC has paid $1.3 billion in taxes, fees and other payments to the
Government of Mongolia to date,” but somehow didn’t choose to state how much
the Government of Mongolia has been charged in project-related interest for
their equity in the project? In their
2009 financing agreement, the government of Mongolia owed the mining company
about 40% of its GDP for the right to participate in its own country’s
asset! And while, since our retention in
2010 to inform the government and the citizens of Mongolia of their horrific
abusive financing issues, there have been several structural alterations in the
Government of Mongolia’s participation in the project, the underlying financial
model still favors RIO and the global markets at the expense of the citizens of
Mongolia.
Years ago I was asked by Sir Julius Chan, Governor of New
Ireland, Papua New Guinea, if an ethical mining company could exist in
countries like PNG and Mongolia. I said
then, as I would now, that it’s theoretically possible. But in the nearly decade long experience I’ve
had working across the globe in economically and politically challenged countries,
my conviction is fading on the probability of such a company actually
emerging. And while the earth
geologically distributed the Periodic Table variously, the economic model we
have for conductive metals seems to be more likely to produce violence, war and
environmental ruin than the opulence of a Saudi Arabia, Norway, or Abu
Dhabi. The opiate of electrical power
has cauterized our collective consciousness so that we are numb to the bleeding
of humanity and the persistent desecration of the earth. And in sterile press release after sterile
press release, we never stop to ask why “development” marches on hand-in-hand
with MIGA-insured political risk. If the
system were working ethically, this would not be necessary!
I know that these posts, like the dozens before them, are
not Inverted Alchemy favorites. I know that they’re not pick-me-up,
feel-good, themes to discuss. But in the
big scheme of things, I think that these are some of my most important
offerings to the world. For it is a
generous world that offered me the invitation to see what most never do and
with that blessing comes the accountability for the stories of our fellow
humans who bear the cost for our unconsidered consumption.